![]() On the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators led by Brutus and Cassius, who stabbed him to death. His populist and authoritarian reforms angered the elites, who began to conspire against him. He centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator for life" ( dictator perpetuo). He initiated land reform and support for veterans. He gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. This began Caesar's civil war, which he won, leaving him in a position of near-unchallenged power and influence in 45 BC.Īfter assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. In 49 BC, Caesar openly defied the Senate's authority by crossing the Rubicon and marching towards Rome at the head of an army. With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. These achievements and the support of his veteran army threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey, who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC. During this time he both invaded Britain and built a bridge across the Rhine river. Caesar rose to become one of the most powerful politicians in the Roman Republic through a string of military victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, which greatly extended Roman territory. Their attempts to amass political power were opposed by many in the senate, among them Cato the Younger with the private support of Cicero. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. This sparked the final round of civil wars that ended the Republic and brought about the elevation of Caesar's great nephew and designated heir, Octavian, as Augustus, the first emperor.Gaius Julius Caesar ( / ˈ s iː z ər/ Latin: 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A group of these, led by Cassius and Brutus, assassinated Caesar on the Ides (15) of March 44 BC. His success and ambition alienated strongly republican senators. Dictatorship was always regarded a temporary position but in 44 BC, Caesar took it for life. He used his power to carry out much-needed reform, relieving debt, enlarging the senate, building the Forum Iulium and revising the calendar. ![]() ![]() Caesar followed him and became romantically involved with the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra.Ĭaesar was now master of Rome and made himself consul and dictator. Pompey, their leader, fled to Egypt where he was assassinated. In the ensuing civil war Caesar defeated the republican forces. He made two expeditions to Britain, in 55 BC and 54 BC.Ĭaesar then returned to Italy, disregarding the authority of the senate and famously crossing the Rubicon river without disbanding his army. The following year he was appointed governor of Roman Gaul where he stayed for eight years, adding the whole of modern France and Belgium to the Roman empire, and making Rome safe from the possibility of Gallic invasions. Back in Rome in 60, Caesar made a pact with Pompey and Crassus, who helped him to get elected as consul for 59 BC. In 61-60 BC he served as governor of the Roman province of Spain. Caesar himself progressed within the Roman political system, becoming in succession quaestor (69), aedile (65) and praetor (62). His family were closely connected with the Marian faction in Roman politics. Julius Caesar was born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 BC into the prestigious Julian clan. © Caesar was a politician and general of the late Roman republic, who greatly extended the Roman empire before seizing power and making himself dictator of Rome, paving the way for the imperial system.
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